Senin, 11 Mei 2015

Tugas Softskill 1 (Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2)

Noun, Pronoun, Verb

A.    Nouns
There are various types of nouns. Some nouns may fall under more than one type. This unit takes up the following types of nouns:
1.      Countable Nouns
2.      Uncountable Nouns

1.      Countable Nouns
Countable nouns can take the singular or plural form.
Singular
Plural
A cat
Cats
A man
Men
A tooth
Teeth
An egg
Eggs
An elephant
Elephants
An axe
Axes

Examples:
There is a man outside the building
There are two men outside the building
An elephant has a trunk
Elephants have trunks

a.      Singular Nouns
When a noun refers to one person or thing, it is singular.
Examples : Ineed to buy a book.

STRATEGIES
1.      Do NOT end singular nouns with –s/-es
2.      Use singular nouns after the words below.
a/an, one, this, that, a single, another, each, every
3.      Singular countable nouns usually need articles. Use the with singular countable nouns when referring to things in general or to specific things; use a/an with singular countable nouns when referring to general or nonspesific things.

b.      Plural Nouns
When a noun refers to more than one person or thing, it is plural. The plural form of most nouns is made by adding –s/es to the singular form; however, there are some exceptions.
Examples: Five lectures from this university will attend the international conference in San Francisco next week.

STRATEGIES
1.      Do NOT use a/an with plural nouns
2.      Use plural after the words below:
all, some, some (of the), a few (of), many (of), a lot of, lots of, various, these, those, every one of, each one of, each of, one of, one of, both, other, dozens of, hundreds of, thousands of, a number of, the number of, a couple of, several (of the)
3.      When words such as hundred, thousand, or million follow a number, do NOT put them in plural form
4.      Be careful of irregular plural  nouns

2.      Uncountable Nouns
Uncountablenouns are nouns that have only one form and take a singular verb.
STRATEGIES
1.      Do NOT us uncountable nouns after the words/ phrases below
a/an, another, one, a sigle, each, every, these, thpse, a few (of), many (of), every one of, each one of, each (of), one of, both, dozens of, hundreds of, thousands of, a number of, the number of, a couple of, saveral (of the).

2.      Use uncountable nouns with the words below
much, little, a little, an amount of, all, some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of

3.      Do NOT put uncountable nouns into plural form
Verb forms may be classified as follows:
Base form: strat, think, draw, write, run, let.
Infinitive: to strat, to think, to draw, to write, to draw, to write, to run, to let.
Gerund: strating, thinking, drawing, writing, running, letting
Past participle: started, thougt, drawn, written, run, let
Simple past form: started, thought, drew, wrote, ran, let

Example:
The policie artist will draw the criminal’s face.
He set aside his salary to start his own business.

Strategies:
1.      Use the base form after modals such as will, can, or may.
2.      Use the infinitive form to show purpose.
3.      Use the infinitive form after adjectives.
4.      Use the gerund form after prepositions
5.      Use the past participle after the forms of be ( be, being, am, is, are, was, were, been) to express passive meaning, and after the forms of have (have, has, had) to express active meaning.
6.      The simple past form is used with particular time makers.
Relative pronouns and adverb

Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers who claim something like
They say that eating beef is bad for you.
They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are they? Cows? whom do theyrepresent? Sloppy use of pronouns is unfair.
Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent, however.
Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a day.
The word "everyone" has no antecedent.
The problem of agreement between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is treated in another section on Pronoun-Antecedent Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end of that section.

Relative pronouns are all used in adjective/ relative clauses.
·         Who or that is used as a subject referring to a person.
·         Whom is used as an object referring to a person.
·         Which or that is used as a subject or an object referring to a thing.
·         Whose is used to replace a possesive adjective.


Kamis, 16 April 2015

Tugas Softskill 2 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis

1. Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, atau kejadian yang terjadi pada saat ini. Bentuk kata kerja ini paling sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris. 

Penjelasan dan Rumus Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense dibentuk dari verb-1 (present tense) atau linking verb “be” (is, am, are). Apa itu verb-1? Verb-1 merupakan bare infinitive dengan tambahan -s atau -es (contoh verb-1: does, goes, wants) khusus untuk subject berupa singular noun (kata benda tunggal: Tita, book, car) atau third person singular pronoun (kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal: she, he, it); atau tanpa tambahan apapun (contoh verb-1: do, go, want) untuk subject berupa plural noun (boys, men, books) atau plural pronoun (we, they), pronoun I/you, atau compound subject (you and me, Tina and Ratih).

Dengan demikian rumus simple present tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif sebagai berikut.

Kalimat
Rumus Simple Present Tense
Contoh Simple Present Tense
positif
(+)
S + V-1
S +/- auxiliary (do/does) + bare infinitive
She likes eating out
S + be (am/is/are)
The children are naughty.
negatif
(-)
S + auxiliary (do/does) + not + bare infinitive
She doesn’t like eating out
S + be(am/is/are) + not
The children aren’t naughty
interogatif
(?)
Do/Does + S + bare infinitive
Does she like eating out
Be(am/is/are) + S
Are the children naughty

2. Present Progressive Tense

Present continuous tense atau present progressive tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung sekarang (present) atau rencana di masa depan (future). Karena dapat digunakan pada presentatau future, tense ini sering diiringi adverb of time untuk memperjelasnya.

Rumus Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb “be”, berupa is/am/are – karena present tense (waktu sekarang),  dan present participle (V1-ing). Umumnya present continuous tense hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic verb, tidakstative verb. Mengapa begitu? karena secara umum hanyadynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous [Baca: Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive].

Dengan demikian rumus present continuous tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.

Kalimat
Rumus Present Continuous Tense
Contoh Present Continuous Tense
positif (+)
S + be(am/is/are) + present participle
The ships are sailing
He is smiling
negatif (-)
S + be(am/is/are) + not + present participle
The ships are not sailing
He is not smiling
interogatif (?)
be(am/is/are) + S + present participle?
are the ships sailing
Is he smiling

3. Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau. Pada simple past tense, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last two days, last year) atau periode waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara spesifik. Simple past tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk conditional sentence tipe 2.

Rumus Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense dibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) atau linking verb “be” (was, were). Apa itu verb-2? Verb-2 merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) dengan tambahan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne untuk regular verb atau bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. [Baca juga:Regular dan Irregular Verb]

Dengan demikian rumus simple past tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif sebagai berikut.

Jenis Kalimat
Rumus
Contoh Simple Past Tense
positif (+)
S + Verb-2 (past tense)
S + be(was/were)
The teacher came
I was a stamp collector
negatif (-)
S + did + not + bare infinitive
S + be(was/were) + not
The teacher didn’t come
I wasn’t a stamp collector
interogatif (?)
Did + S + bare infinitive
be(was/were) + S
Did the teacher come
Was I a stamp collector

4. Past Progressive Tense

Past continuous tense atau past progressive tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Aksi tersebut telah dimulai tapi belum selesai pada saat itu.

Rumus Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb “be”, berupa was/were – karena past tense (masa lalu),  dan present participle. Was untuk singular subject (I, she, he, it, dan kata ganti orang ketiga) dan were untuk plural subject (you, they, we, orang ketiga jamak).

Past continuous tense umumnya hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic verb, tidak stative verb karena secara umum hanya dynamic verbyang memiliki bentuk continuous [Baca: Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive].

Dengan demikian rumus past continuous tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.

Jenis Kalimat
Rumus
Contoh Past Continuous Tense
positif (+)
S + be(was/were) + V1-ing/present participle
The team was running
The workers were queuing
negatif (-)
S + be(was/were) + not + V1-ing/present participle
The team was not running
The workers weren’t queuing
interogatif(?)
be(was/were) + S + V1-ing/present participle?
Was the team running
Were the workers queuing

5. Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut sampai sekarang atau telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu namun efeknya masih berlanjut.

Rumus Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb “have” atau “has”, dan past participle (verb-3). Have digunakan untuk I, you, they, we, sedangkan has untuk he, she, it, dan orang ketiga tunggal. Sedangkan past participle dapat berupa regular atau irregular verb.

Dengan demikian rumus present perfect tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.

Kalimat
Rumus
Contoh Present Perfect Tense
positif
(+)
S + aux. verb(have/has) + V-3/past participle
I have read the book
He has left
negatif
(-)
S + aux. verb(have/has) + not + V-3/past participle
I have not read the book
He hasn’t left
interogatif
(?)
aux. verb(have/has) + S + V-3/past participle
Have I read the book
Has he left

Perbedaan Antara Simple Past Tense & Past Progressive Tense

Simple Past
Past Progressive
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs
I spoke
regular verbs: verb + ed
I worked
past form of 'be' + ing form of verb

I was speaking
you were speaking
he / she / it was speaking
we were speaking
they were speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' :
when the final letter is e, only add d.
Example: love - loved
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
Example: admit - admitted
final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
Example: travel - travelled
after a consonant, final y becomes i. (but: not after a vowel)
Example: worry - he worried
but: play - he played
Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee)
Example: come - coming
but: agree - agreeing
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
Example: sit - sitting
final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
Example: travel - travelling
final ie becomes y.
Example: lie - lying

The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Past (not in the progressive form).

·         state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit
Example: We were on holiday.
·         possession: belong, have
Example: Sam had a cat.
·         senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He felt the cold.
·         feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish
Example: Jane loved pizza.
·         brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I did not understand him.
·         introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say
Example: “I am watching TV,“ he said.

Perbedaan Antara Simple Past Tense & Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense

(+) S + HAVE/ HAS + VERB 3 + O
Yuwono has bought car
(-) S + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + VERB 3 + O
Yuwono has not bought car
(?) HAVE/HAS + S + V3 + O?
Has Yuwono bought car

Simple Past Tense

(+)S + VERB 2 + O + ADVERB OF TIME (keterangan waktu)
Beni went to Jogja yesterday
(-)S + DID + NOT + V1 + O +ADVERB OF TIME
Beni did not go to Jogja yesterday
(?)DID + S + V 1 + O + ADVERB OF TIME
Did Beni go to Jogja yesterday?

Secara rumus, memang penyusunan kalimat present perfect tense dan simple past tense sangat berbeda, jika dalam present perfect tense kita menggunakan Verb 3 (kata kerja bentuk ketiga), sedangkan dalam simple past tense kita menggunakan Verb 2 (kata kerja bentuk kedua).

Sedangkan maknanya, jika kalimat ini diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, kalimat yang mempunyai bentuk tenses present perfect tense dan simple present tense mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu: sudah atau telah.

Contoh:
I have eaten bread : saya telah makan nasi
I ate bread yesterday: saya telah makan nasi kemarin

Terkadang kita bingung kapan kita kita harus menggunakan simple present tense, kapan kita menggunakan simple past tense. Jika ingin membuat suatu kalimat yang kita tidak tahu atau tidak disertai dengan keterangan waktu maka kita menyusunnya menggunakan bentuk present perfect tense, sedangkan jika kita mengetahui keterangan waktunya, maka kita menggunakan simple past tense.
Jadi, perbedaan antara present perfect tense dan simple past tense hanya penggunaan keterangan waktu saja. present perfect tense tidak ada keterangan waktu secara jelas. sedangkan simple past tense, ada keterangan waktu lampau yang jelas. 


Sumber:
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-simple-present-tense
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-paspro