Tugas 2 Latihan Soal

Choose The Correct Answer

1.The employees responsible for carrying out general office duties, filling in forms and keeping statistics are...
a   clerks


2.The employees who sell a company's products are the sales representatives, usually known as ………..

c   reps


3.The employees who decide what to purchase, and who make the purchases of  finished goods or components to be  made into goods, are the ………..
c   buyers


4. The employees who are responsible for seeing that the finished goods are well made are the
b   quality controllers


5. The clerical workers who use typewriters or word processors and who produce letters, memos or othe documents, are ...........
a   secretaries


6. The employees who check a company's financial affairs are the ............

b   accountants      


7.The employees who are responsible for preparing checks, pay packets and pay slips are the ............
a   wages clerks


8. The workers who process data, under the control of managers and supervisors, are the computer …….
b   operators    


9.The person who greets a visitor and tells him or her how to get to the right office is the ..........

c   receptionist


10.  The employees who deal with a company's telephone calls are the
c   switchboard operators


11.The Board of ......is responsible for deciding on and controlling the strategy of a corporation or company.

 b   Directors


12. Small businesses depend on investors providing ………capital.
b   individual      


13. Investors are influenced by the projected ………. on their capital.
a   market  


14. The capital needed to run a business is provided by ...........
c   investment


15. Rent and rates, which do not change as turnover volume changes, make up the .......costs of a company.
a   fixed  

Choosing The Words In The Box   

1.       Problems in programs are caused by (j. Bugs)

2.       Silicon (a. Chips) contain a set of integrated circuits, reduced to a very small size.

3.       Obtaining (a. Information) is done by (b. Processing) data.

4.       Software produces images which can appear on the screen as (i. Graphics)

5.       Memory that is permanent, cannot be written to, and can only be read, is (i. ROM)

6.       Memory into which information can be loaded and from which data can be read, is (d. Files)

7.       Operators (c. Load) into the computer's memory a program that they want to use.

8.       Analysing ways of doing things, and of improving them, is done by (l. Systems) analysts.

9.       "What you see is what you get" explains (h. WYSIWYG)

10.    A single disk can contain a large number of different (b. RAM)

11.    (k. Controls) can carry out instructions or operations when certain conditions occur.

12.    The operators (m. scroll) lines of text up the screen, so that a new line appears at the bottom and the top line disappears.

Tipe If-Clause dan Wish

Tipe If- Clause

If clauses digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah kondisi atas kejadian atau keberadaan sesuatu.
Contoh : If you mix sugar with water, it will dissolve
Here, the sugar will dissolve on the condition that you mix it with water.
Ada tiga tipe if clauses:

Type 1. mengenai kejadian nyata
Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.
Contoh:
If you go to the drug store, buy me a soft drink. (present ; imperative)

If Mary calls, I’ll invite her to the concert. (present ; future)

If Mary should  call, I’ll invite her to the concert. (modal ; future)

Type 2
Type 2 is concerned with hypothetical  or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)
-          If I had the money, I would buy a motorcycle.
This is called a hypothetical  if clause because I don’t have the money but I am imagining what I would do if I did.

Type 3
Type 3 is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past.
-          If I had known you were sick, I would have made you some soup. (past perfect-modal past)
Here the implication is that I didn’t know you were sick (and that you may no longer be sick).
-          If you had been here yesterday, you could have seen Pam. (past perfect-modal past)
It is clear in the example that you were not here yesterday.

Tipe Wish

 Type 1. mengenai kejadian nyata

Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.

 Type 2

Type 2 .is concerned with hypothetical  or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)

Type 3

Type 3 .is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past  

Fungsi dari masing-masing tipe :

Type 1.

Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.

Type 2

Type 2 .is concerned with hypothetical  or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)

Type 3

Type 3 .is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past.

10 contoh kalimat pengandaian beserta faktanya :

1.      I wish I knew how to dance ( I don’t know how to dance )

2.      I wish I had a bicycle ( I don’t have a bicycle )

3.      I wish I were home in bed ( I’m not home in bed )

4.      I wish it weren’t cold today ( It’s cold today )

5.      We wish we were in Bali ( We aren’t in Bali )

6.      I wish I had a car ( I don’t have a car )

7.      I wish I had a tape recorder ( I don’t have a tape recorder )

8.      I wish I had studied for the test ( I didn’t study for the test )

9.      John wishes he had finished his work ( John didn’t finish his work )

10.  I wish I hadn’t gone to the meeting ( I went to meeting )

sumber: http://denniz-iqbal.blogspot.com/2011/11/tipe-if-clouse.html

Conditional Sentences

Definisi Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences merupakan kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian suatu peristiwa yang belum terjadi atau bahkan tidak mungkin terjadi. Kalimat pengandaian ini memiliki beberapa bentuk yang mewakili beragam bentuk waktu, dengan kata lain, bentuk kalimat pengandaian ini akan tergantung pada bentuk waktu peristiwa yang diandaikan.

Bentuk Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences atau kalimat pendandaian terdiri dari dua jenis, yaitu real (nyata) dan unreal (tidak nyata). Pengandaian nyata adalah bentuk pengandaian dimana pengandaian tersebut dapat menjadi kenyataan, sedangkan pengandaian tidak nyata adalah bentuk pengandaian yang tidak mungkin akan jadi kenyataan karena beberapa sebab seperti dijelaskan di bawah ini:

RUMUS

Conditional 1

1. IF + S + Present Tense, S + Future Tense

Contoh :

- If it doesn’t rain, I will go shopping.

Real Condition : It will probably rain or not,
so I will probably go shopping or not.

 Conditional 2

2. If + S + Past Tense, S + Past Future

Contoh :

-If you came home earlier, I would make you a cake

Real Condition : You don’t come home earlier,
So I don’t make a cake for you.

Conditional 3

3. If + s + Past Perfect, S + Future Past Perfect

Contoh :

- If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.

Real condition : you didn’t study hard, so you didn’t pass the exam

Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentences

1.      If i have a lot of money, i will buy a new car.

2.      You’ll pass the exams if you study hard.

3.      You might be successful if you tried harder.

4.      If i had some information, i could let you know.

5.      I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

6.      If you don't have breakfast, you will be hungry.

7.      If the magazine is on my table, you can take it.

8.      If you come early you will not get punish from our headmaster.

9.      If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will go on picnic.

10.  If were you, I would accept their invitation

sumber:http://zifa-kireiwazifa.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengertian-conditional-sentences.html ; http://wap.ismailmidi.com/berita-263-conditional-sentences.html ; http://agentfelix86.blogspot.com/2009/11/conditional-sentence.html

Kalimat Pasif Berbentuk Negatif dan Kalimat Pasif Berbentuk Kalimat Tanya

1.) Passive voice negatif
- Ray isn’t helped by Ade
- The paper isn’t cut by Merry
- A ceremony is not held by somebody
- The movies were not watched by them yesterday
- You were not shown the sights.
- The house was not built by me.
- He will not have been shown the sights.
- We should not be shown the sights.
- The cat was not kicked by me
- The motorcycle is not driven by him

2)Kalimat tanya
- Is The King of Majapahit built the castle?
- Is that girl who kicking me?
- Is cake eaten by her?
- Were they watched the movies last sunday?
- Were you shown the sights?
- Were the project worked by them this month?
- Is the car driven by him?
- Is Andy riding the bicycle?
- Were the concert successed last nigh?
- were they finished the papers this month?

sumber:http://mangantar.wordpress.com/2011/11/28/220/

Intransitive Verb

Intransitive verb adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan objek atau pelengkap penderita.
Contoh :

·         Cows walk. Sapi-sapi berjalan

·         Horses run. Kuda-kuda berlari

·         Birds fly. Burung-burung terbang

Kata kerja intransitif yang mana saja, yang membuat pengertian lengkap dengan sendirinya, dan tidak memerlukan kata atau kata-kata apa saja untuk ditambahkan padanya untuk maksud ini, disebut intransitive verbs of complete predication.

Contoh:

·         Cows walk,

·         horses run, dsb.

Intransitive verb with complement (kata kerja intransitif dengan komplemen)

Kata-kata kerja intransitif yang tidak membuat pengertian yang lengkap dengan sendirinya, tetapi memerlukan komplemen, disebut intransitive verbs of incomplete predication.

Komplemen untuk kata kerja intransitif dalam bentuk yang sama jenisnya seperti komplemen untuk kata kerja transitif.

The cognate object (objek yang sama asalnya, sifatnya atau artinya)

Kata kerja intransitif kadang-kadang boleh diikuti oleh kata benda yang sedikit banyak telah dinyatakan secara tidak langsung dalam kata kerja itu sendiri.

Jadi kita boleh mengatakan “He has lived a happy life” (ia hidup bahagia). Kata benda “life” (kehidupan) telah dinyatakan secara tidak langsung dalam kata kerja “lived” (hidup), dan sebenarnya merupakan bagian dari artinya.

Objek yang demikian disebut cognate object, karena kata benda yang menunjuk padanya

Cognate object mempunyai lima bentuk yang berbeda :

Cognate noun yang dibentuk langsung dari kata kerja

Contoh:

·         He has lived a happy life. Ia telah menempuh hidup yang bahagia

·         I slept a sound sleep. Saya tidur nyenyak

·         Cognate noun yang serupa/sama artinya

Pelukisan kata benda dari cognate noun dimengerti

Contoh:

·         The man ran a great risk. the man ran a course of great risk (pria itu menjalani/menghadapi resiko yang besar)

Kata sifat yang memberi sifat pada cognate noun dimengerti

Contoh:

·         He breathed his last. He breathed his last breath (ia menarik nafasnya yang penghabisan)

Cognate noun yang dinyatakan oleh “it”.

Contoh:

·         We must fight it (= the fight) out to the end. Kita harus berjuang mati-matian sampai akhir

Prepositional verb (kata kerja yang berpreposisi)

Kata kerja intransitif dapat dijadikan transitif dengan menambahkan kata depan padanya.

Kata-kata kerja yang demikian boleh dianggap menjadi kata-kata kerja transitif, asal saja mereka dapat dipakai dalam kalimat pasif.
Contoh:

·         She checks on the baby every day. Ia memeriksa bayi itu tiap hari (aktif)

·         The baby is checked on by her every day. Bayi itu diperiksa olehnya tiap hari (pasif

Contoh Intransitive Verb

1.      The baby cries

2.      My mommy is sleeping

3.      The water boils

4.      He played the fool

5.      He laughs a hard laugh

6.      I will make you happy

7.      I appoint him to be my assistant

8.      We talked about the problem

9.      She felt sorry for coming late

10.  I congratulated him on passing the exam

sumber:http://www.englishgrammar-exercises.com/Verbs_intransitive2.php

Transitive Verb

Adalah kata kerja yang memerlukan obyek untuk melengkapii pengertiannya. Dengan kata lain, kata kerja ini tidak dapat berdiri sendiri tanpa noun(kata benda)atau pronoun (kata ganti) sebagai obyek.

2. Kategori kata kerja transitive verb

·         Finite Verb (Kata Kerja Biasa)

·         Auxiliary Verbs (Kata Kerja Bantu)

·         Linking Verbs (Kata Kerja Penghubung)

·         Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)

·         Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)

·         Regular & Irregular Verbs

3. Contoh Transitive Verb

1.      You pushed the cart

2.      I gave you the magazine

3.      I ate the pie

4.      I tried on the shoes

5.      Sylvia kicked Juan under the table

6.      Alice wrote a love poem

7.      She made a cake

8.      I have bought a book

9.      He killed a snake

10.  Ms.Anne reads a novel

sumber:http://viallyhardi.wordpress.com/2011/11/15/transitive-verb/

Passive Voice

1. Passive Voice

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

2. How to change active voice into passive voice

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

·         the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

·         the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

·         the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

3. Example of Passive Voice

Simple Present

·         Active   : Rita writes a letter

·         Passive : A letter is written by Rita

Simple Past

·         Active  : He met them yesterday

·         Passive : They were met by him yesterday

Present Perfect Tense

·         Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes

·         Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes

Past Perfect Tense

·         Active  : He had met them before i came

·         Passive : They had been met him before i came

Simple Future tense

·         Active  : The farmer are going to harvest the crops next week

·         Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmer next week

sujmber:http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive ; http://swarabhaskara.com/miscellaneous/active-and-passive-voice/

Banjir lagi ngeles lagi...

Kebiasaan pejabat di Indonesia adalah, jika mereka gagal dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang terjadi. mereka selalu "ngeles" untuk menutupi kebodohannya.

Wakil Rakyat Tidur

Udara yang sejuk, bangku yang empuk, membuat ngantuk. oohh wakil rakyatku.....

10 Contoh Kalimat Gerunds

1. No, smoking !
2. I am busy writing letters
3. He likes reading English literature
4. I often think of going to London
5. She is clever at teaching biology
6. Swimming in the river is very dangerous
7. I enjoy riding my bike in the evening
8. Cramming for tests is not good study strategy
9. I dreamed about having much money
10. She is fond of eating pizza


sumber:http://www.docstoc.com/docs/48088582/Pengertian-Gerund

Ciri-ciri Gerunds

Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good service.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.
- My favorite activity is reading.

Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.

Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.

Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), begitu juga contoh kalimat dibawahnya.

sumber:http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/gerunds.html

Gerunds

Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnyaswimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerundmempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.

Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)

sumber:http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/gerunds.html

Reported Speech

We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say, think or believe.

·     
    He says he wants it.

·         We think you are right.

·         I believe he loves her.

·         Yesterday you said you didn't like it but now you do!

·         She told me he had asked her to marry him.

·         I told you she was ill.

·         We thought he was in Australia.

When we are reporting things in the present, future or present perfect we don't change the tense.

·         He thinks he loves her.

·         I'll tell her you are coming.

·         He has said he'll do it.

When we tell people what someone has said in the past, we generally make the tense 'more in the past'.

·         You look very nice. = I told him he looked very nice.

·         He's working in Siberia now. = She told me he was working in Siberia now.

·         Polly has bought a new car. = She said Polly had bought a new car.

·         Jo can't come for the weekend. = She said Jo couldn't come for the weekend.

·         Paul called and left a message. = He told me Paul had called and had left me a message.

·         I'll give you a hand. = He said he would give me a hand.

However, when we are reporting something that was said in the past but is still true, it is not obligatory to make the tense 'more in the past'. The choice is up to the speaker. For example:

"The train doesn't stop here."

·         He said the train doesn't stop here.

·         He said the train didn't stop here.

"I like Sarah."

·         She said she likes Sarah.

·         She said she liked Sarah.

When we are reporting what was said, we sometimes have to change other words in the sentence.

We have to change the pronoun if we are reporting what someone else said. Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I don't want to go."

·        
I said I didn't want to go.

·         Bill said he didn't want to go.

We have to change words referring to 'here and now' if we are reporting what was said in a different place or time.
Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I'll be there at ten tomorrow."

·        
(If it is later the same day) He said he would be there at ten tomorrow.

·         (If it is the next day) He said he would be there at ten today.

Now compare these two sentences.

·      
(If we are in a different place) He said he would be there tomorrow at ten.

·         (If we are in the place he is coming to) He said he would be here at ten tomorrow.

sumber:http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/reportedspeech/menu.php