Passive Voice

1. Passive Voice

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

2. How to change active voice into passive voice

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

·         the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

·         the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

·         the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

3. Example of Passive Voice

Simple Present

·         Active   : Rita writes a letter

·         Passive : A letter is written by Rita

Simple Past

·         Active  : He met them yesterday

·         Passive : They were met by him yesterday

Present Perfect Tense

·         Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes

·         Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes

Past Perfect Tense

·         Active  : He had met them before i came

·         Passive : They had been met him before i came

Simple Future tense

·         Active  : The farmer are going to harvest the crops next week

·         Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmer next week

sujmber:http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive ; http://swarabhaskara.com/miscellaneous/active-and-passive-voice/

Banjir lagi ngeles lagi...

Kebiasaan pejabat di Indonesia adalah, jika mereka gagal dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang terjadi. mereka selalu "ngeles" untuk menutupi kebodohannya.

Wakil Rakyat Tidur

Udara yang sejuk, bangku yang empuk, membuat ngantuk. oohh wakil rakyatku.....

10 Contoh Kalimat Gerunds

1. No, smoking !
2. I am busy writing letters
3. He likes reading English literature
4. I often think of going to London
5. She is clever at teaching biology
6. Swimming in the river is very dangerous
7. I enjoy riding my bike in the evening
8. Cramming for tests is not good study strategy
9. I dreamed about having much money
10. She is fond of eating pizza


sumber:http://www.docstoc.com/docs/48088582/Pengertian-Gerund

Ciri-ciri Gerunds

Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good service.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.
- My favorite activity is reading.

Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.

Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.

Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), begitu juga contoh kalimat dibawahnya.

sumber:http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/gerunds.html

Gerunds

Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnyaswimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerundmempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.

Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)

sumber:http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/gerunds.html

Reported Speech

We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say, think or believe.

·     
    He says he wants it.

·         We think you are right.

·         I believe he loves her.

·         Yesterday you said you didn't like it but now you do!

·         She told me he had asked her to marry him.

·         I told you she was ill.

·         We thought he was in Australia.

When we are reporting things in the present, future or present perfect we don't change the tense.

·         He thinks he loves her.

·         I'll tell her you are coming.

·         He has said he'll do it.

When we tell people what someone has said in the past, we generally make the tense 'more in the past'.

·         You look very nice. = I told him he looked very nice.

·         He's working in Siberia now. = She told me he was working in Siberia now.

·         Polly has bought a new car. = She said Polly had bought a new car.

·         Jo can't come for the weekend. = She said Jo couldn't come for the weekend.

·         Paul called and left a message. = He told me Paul had called and had left me a message.

·         I'll give you a hand. = He said he would give me a hand.

However, when we are reporting something that was said in the past but is still true, it is not obligatory to make the tense 'more in the past'. The choice is up to the speaker. For example:

"The train doesn't stop here."

·         He said the train doesn't stop here.

·         He said the train didn't stop here.

"I like Sarah."

·         She said she likes Sarah.

·         She said she liked Sarah.

When we are reporting what was said, we sometimes have to change other words in the sentence.

We have to change the pronoun if we are reporting what someone else said. Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I don't want to go."

·        
I said I didn't want to go.

·         Bill said he didn't want to go.

We have to change words referring to 'here and now' if we are reporting what was said in a different place or time.
Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I'll be there at ten tomorrow."

·        
(If it is later the same day) He said he would be there at ten tomorrow.

·         (If it is the next day) He said he would be there at ten today.

Now compare these two sentences.

·      
(If we are in a different place) He said he would be there tomorrow at ten.

·         (If we are in the place he is coming to) He said he would be here at ten tomorrow.

sumber:http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/reportedspeech/menu.php